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Simple answer: You can put a turbocharger on a non-turbo engine, but the maximum added performance is dependent on many factors. The challenge is that all naturally-aspirated engines are built with a compression ratio that brings them close to knocking at high load. If you boost such an engine, it will be significantly more knock-limited. If you just want a little bit more performance, you can compensate for this by running higher Octane fuel and also completely changing the calibration of the engine. You will need to replace the engine computer with an aftermarket one and have it calibrated.
Most turbo engines have significantly lower compression ratio than their non-turbo counterparts, so if you want a lot more performance, you will need to change the pistons to a compression ration more suitable for the level of boosted performance you want. Success with this depends on a lot of factors such as the strength of the rest of the engine and the ability of the cooling system to handle the extra heat.
For specific engines there are some aftermarket kits that are well-engineered and suitable for street and light competition driving.
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